They have been used in various applications, including bone-filling materials, sustained delivery systems, and three-dimensional cell culture carriers as shown in Fig. SF hydrogels have recently received significant attention in the biomedical field. 12 They are also used as biointerface materials 13 and drug delivery systems. 9,10 Therefore, biocompatible hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials in a variety of biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, 11 and biosensing. Biomedical applications can benefit from the properties above, as hydrogels resemble biological tissues because of their porosity, high water content, and tissue-like elasticity. 7,8 Polymeric hydrogels have been used as functional materials in a variety of applications. 5,6 Hydrogels have attracted extensive attention due to their versatility in composition, preparation, and resulting tunable properties such as swelling capacity, an interfacial affinity for target compounds, stimuli response, degradability, viscoelasticity, and network architecture. Hydrogels are water-swollen three-dimensional viscoelastic macromolecular networks, crosslinked through either covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association, and multivalent coordination. ![]() Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use in biomedical applications. Regenerated SF has been approved by the U.S. In addition, it is also advantageous to use silk for biomedical applications because of the available large-scale processing infrastructure of traditional silk textile industries. mori cocoons is a widely investigated, natural silk protein used for numerous biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. mori silk are produced and processed annually. In recent years its applications substantially increased, especially in the biomedical and cosmetics sectors. 1 Silk has long been a vital textile stock due to its unique feel, luster, dyeability, tensile strength, and elasticity. mori) have been used in textiles for thousands of years. The cocoon silks spun by the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori ( B. Introduction The cocoons of silkworms have evolved over millions of years to protect the larvae from predators as they metamorphose into moths. His research interests include the synthesis of biocompatible polymers, the development of scaffolds for medical textile, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications.ġ. He is currently working as an assistant professor at National Textile University, Pakistan. He continued working as a postdoc at Koc University for 2 more years. Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer completed his PhD in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering from Koc University. Her current research focuses on the preparation of innovative biomaterials and stimuli-responsive hydrogels for various biomedical, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications. After that, she moved to Koc University, Turkey, where she completed her PhD in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering in 2021. Syeda Rubab Batool completed her Doctor of Pharmacy from Baqai Medical University, Pakistan, in 2013. Between 20, he worked at the Slovenian National Institute of Chemistry as a researcher, where he developed macroporous polypeptide-based biomaterials, mentored graduate students, and collaborated with industrial partners for EU-funded projects. ![]() He also participated in industrial projects related to the synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes and gained an understanding of the structure–morphology–properties relationships. Ozgun obtained his PhD in 2018 from Koc University, specializing in the preparation of polyester-based foams. Ozgun studied Chemistry and Molecular Biology at Bogazici University and trained as a synthetic chemist. Ozgun Can Onder is a senior researcher at the Eindhoven University of Technology. In addition, the use of self-assembled SF hydrogels in interpenetrating network systems and the 3D printing applications were reviewed. The advantages and limitations of the methods used to induce SF assembly were discussed. This review describes the methods to prepare self-assembled SF hydrogels focusing on gelation mechanisms and biomedical applications thereof. ![]() The tendency of SF chains to associate and form physical networks has been exploited very frequently in the last decade to prepare self-assembled SF hydrogels. Accordingly, SF-based hydrogels have attracted much interest in the past years for biomedical applications. SF's unique properties, such as exceptional host tissue response, appropriate mechanical properties, tunable degradation, simple processing method, and low cost, make it an attractive biomaterial. In addition, for decades, SF has been used as a suture material. Silk fibroin (SF) from Bombyx mori silkworm has been used as a textile fiber for centuries.
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